What is the peak-to-Valley ratio of a PV-HES system?

Under certain peak-to-valley ratios, such as 1.1:1:0.8, 1.1:1:0.7, and 1.1:1:0.6, only one storage technology is applied in the building energy system. 4.3. The effects of capacity and COP of heat pump on the system performance of the PV-HES system

How much energy does a PV system consume?

Assuming the power from the PV system is entirely consumed by the building's electricity demand without considering the energy loss, the PV system can theoretically account for 33.9 % of the building’s annual electricity demand.

How much does a solar PPA cost?

Now we routinely see mid- to low- $20’s per MWh PPAs in the US, and a solar PPA in Saudi Arabia broke $20/MWh at $17.9/MWh. The fuel for energy storage is only getting cheaper. An important aspect of helping utilities and other off-takers benefit fully from a solar+storage “peaker” is getting the sizing of each resource right.

How can energy storage configuration be optimized?

Consequently, the optimal energy storage configuration is obtained by minimizing the net present cost (NPC), which includes initial investment (IC), operation cost (OPC) and replacement costs (RC), as calculated by Eq. (24). Due to the relatively small impact of system maintenance costs , they are neglected in this study.

How to reduce energy storage sizing in HVAC system models?

For the baseline case, the energy for the standard air conditioning load is fully supplied by the heat pump. To reduce the computation cost in the energy storage sizing optimization, some studies simplify the COPs for cooling and heating of the HVAC system models by using fixed values [44, 53, 54].

Does peak-to-Valley ratio affect storage capacity optimization?

Furthermore, an analysis of the impacts of the peak-to-valley ratio for the time-of-use (TOU) tariff on storage capacity optimization for the PV-HES system demonstrates that the valley price ratio has a greater impact on the NPC than the peak price ratio for the PV-HES system.